Cognitive Theory And Jean Piaget Cognitive Development...

Introduction: All children are unique as they learn, progress, develop at different rates and in a variety of ways. Nearly all theorists agree on the principles of children’s learning expansion in general and play a vital fragment of early childhood development. They all accept that cognitive learning is relatively systematic and takes place gradually at a variety of rates. Learning only occurs when experience causes a permanent change in an individual’s knowledge or behaviour (Weatherby-Fell, N. 2013). I am reviewing Burrus Federic Skinner’s behavioural theory and Jean Piaget cognitive development theory. This report style essay will provide an overview of the two theorists, a comparison between the two in relation to the image of the child, teaching, learning and development, and an analysis of how these two approaches align with the Early Years Learning Framework (EYLF). Subsequently, details of both theories will be discussed and explained to illuminate the differences and connections to how children learn. These two extremely well-known theorists’ approaches are stimulating, cause reflection upon learning methods and ensures thought provoking teaching. Overview of B. F. Skinner’s Behavioural Theory: 1904- 1990 According to Boeree, C, George (2006), B. F. Skinner’s â€Å"entire system is based on ‘operant conditioning’†. Behaviourism is determined by the environment and is â€Å"concerning with the effect of external events such as reward or punishment for behaviour† (Duschesne,Show MoreRelatedJean Piaget : Theory Of Cognitive Development Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pages Jean Piaget: Theory of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget, was a trained biologist who was employed at the Binet Institute, where his main job was to develop a French version of an intelligence test. Piaget was very interested in the reason why children would give wrong answers to questions which called for some type of logical thinking. It was believed by Piaget that these wrong answers showed some very drastic differences between the way children and adults both thought ( McLeod, 2015), thisRead MoreTheory of Cognitive Development and Jean Piaget2077 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract: Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget was the first to study cognitive development systematically. One of his major contributions is his theory of cognitive development. However, his theory has numerous limitations and has come under frequent criticism. This essay will analyse four limitations of Piaget s theory and provide alternative accounts. The first three limitations will be presented through a cultural, social, neuroscientific point of view, and finally, end with the problems of researchRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development895 Words   |  4 Pageshave contributed to the study of Psychology. One of these great contributors is Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist. He is mostly known for his theory of cognitive development. Jean Piaget used his own life as well of the lives of his own children to develop this theory. He believed that the thought process between children and adults were different and thus that began the process of Cognitive Development. Jean Piaget is a Swiss psychologist who was born on August 9, 1986. He is one of the mostRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development943 Words   |  4 PagesJean Piaget’s theories of cognitive development broke new ground in the field of Psychology leading to the extension of further research into the area of developmental psychology. In this essay I seek to examine these theories whilst considering their current relevance to modern psychology and society. A major part of Piaget’s theory focuses around the idea of schemas; a set of linked mental representations used to make sense of the world. According to Piaget (1952), we are born with a small setRead MoreJean Piaget And His Theory On Cognitive Development1601 Words   |  7 PagesJean Piaget and His Theory on Cognitive Development Jean Piaget is one of the most influential theorists in cognitive development and he argues that children pass through the same sequence of stages when it comes to this developmental domain. This paper will begin with a general overview of Jean Piaget’s beliefs when it comes to children’s cognitive development and the basics of his four stages. Next, an in depth look will be taken at each of the stages followed by defining the Piagetian ideasRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development Essay2015 Words   |  9 Pages Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Penny Clark Austin Peay State University Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Introduction There have been many people that have made huge contributions to the school of psychology. Perhaps one of the most influential theorists was Jean Piaget. Piaget was a philosopher, biologist, educationalist, and psychologists. He decided to study the many ways in which children develop knowledge. He made many contributions to his theoriesRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1607 Words   |  7 PagesShaquille Ross Professor Morris Piaget Theory Jean Piaget s theory of cognitive development gives a broader way of explaining the way of how the process of thinking is developed, based off of different age groups. He became interested in how organisms adapt and conform to its environment. He believe that it was labelled as intelligence. He observed these behaviors by controlling them through schema or schemes. In other words, Piaget organized experiments that are based off of intellectualRead MoreJean Piaget s Theories Of Cognitive Development1360 Words   |  6 Pages Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist. He worked in the fields of Developmental Psychology and Epistemology. He’s known for his works and theories in the field of child development. His theories of cognitive development and epistemological views are called, â€Å"genetic epistemology†. Piaget placed the education of children as most important. His works and theories still play a huge role and influence the study of child psychology today. Jean Piaget was born on August 9, 1896 in Neuchatel, SwitzerlandRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1587 Words   |  7 PagesJean Piaget was born August 9,1896 in Neuchatel, Switzerland. Before being the first person to make systematic study for cognitive development, he was a clinical psychologist. Piaget was known for his work and for being the founder for child development. He created the theory cognitive-developmental (Kohler, 2008). According to the book, cognitive-developmental theory is one that reflects the behaviors of multiple cognitive structures, the organized patterns of thinking, and the experience that thatRead MoreJean Piaget: Biography and Theory of Cognitive Development1601 Words   |  6 PagesPiagets Theory of Cognitive Development: Jean Piagets theory of cognitive development is a description of the four distinct stages of development of cognition in children. The theory was developed at a time when Piaget was employed at the Binet Institute in the 1920s in which his main responsibilities were to develop the French versions of questions on the English intelligence tests. During this period, Piaget became increasingly concerned or interested with the reasons children gave for their

The President Of The United States - 1611 Words

In every presidential election, political debates occur with the political party’s main candidate where they offer their views on running the country then citizens decide who should be the president of the United States. In 1984, President Ronald Reagan and Walter Mondale participated in their second debate against each other. Four panelists on the topic of defense and foreign policy issues would prompt the two candidates to certain issues of their concern. Some issues in the dispute that were discussed were over the Soviet Union, use of military force, and illegal immigration. Certain procedures are done during the debate as the candidates only have a certain amount of time to answer the prompt and the second candidate gets the same amount of time to rebuttal the argument. Ronald Reagan proposes his ideologies to the panelist and all of the United States in the debate, on how the president will address the issue of illegal immigration the best way, through his perspective and current knowledge by using ethos, pathos, and logos all concurrently and effectively. Georgie Anne Geyer, who was a syndicated columnist for the Universal Press Syndicate began the topic of illegal immigration as something that is not stressed enough in the country to Ronald Reagan’s opponent, Mr. Mondale. Walter Mondale the democratic candidate, says â€Å"other aspects of the Simpson-Mazzoli bill that strengthen enforcement at the border, strengthen other ways of dealing with undocumented workers†Show MoreRelatedThe President Of The United States1532 Words   |  7 PagesThe president is the most important job in the United States. Not the ruler of the United States ,but have some power over the country. The president of the United States is a person who symbolize the country and leads the country by making decisions of what is the best thing to do. The president needs to know about the past history such as the conflict of World War I and II and different events that led to violence in our own country. The president of the United States needs to know how the systemRead MoreThe President Of The United States1617 Words   |  7 PagesThe President of the United States is a well respect and immensely powerful position. Every 4 years, a new president is elected. Many highly respect individuals hold competition for this career, presenting their ideas and beliefs for the American people to support or refute. The United States current president, Barack Obama, is ending is 2nd term in office. This starts the debate and discussion of who will take his place as president. Currently, there is an enormous selection of individuals who peopleRead MoreThe President Of The United States777 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many flaws in the actions of the President of the United States using executive action to shape policies for the United States, but congress plays a major role in the reasons why there are so many issues pertaining to the use of executive action. Another flaw is that it is not spelled out in the constitution that the president is allowed to bypass congress on any issues that are not attended to. Congress makes a huge fuss about the president executing his executive actions but congressRead MorePresident Of The United States1262 Words   |  6 PagesThe President of the United States of America is literally the most important person on this planet. Why, you may ask? Well, that’s because, he is â€Å"in charge† of the most powerful and influential country of the world. Every decision he makes, in regard to America, can and will affect every other country in some sort of way. Presidents have so much power that every decision they make becomes news. Now, the next logical question would be, where does all this power come from? Who said it was okay forRead MorePresident Of The United States1508 Words   |  7 PagesIn order to become president of the United States, one must meet several qualifications. These include being a naturally born citizen of the United States who is at least 35 years o ld and has resided in the U.S. for at least fourteen years. Hillary Clinton meets all of these qualifications. Clinton was born on October 26, 1947, in Chicago, Illinois. Her current age is 69. She was raised in Park Ridge, Illinois, which is a picturesque suburb located about fifteen miles from downtown Chicago (â€Å"HillaryRead MoreThe President Of The United States930 Words   |  4 PagesThe President of the United States, Jackson M. Washington, was six-foot three-inch’s tall, athletic build, salt and pepper graying hair; he was fifty-three years old. He had served in the Marines after College for four years and ended up getting out as a Captain after his first hitch. From there he started his political career by volunteering for certain candidates for Congress and the Senate that had a message that resonated with him. Back then he switched party affiliations often, like changingRead MoreThe President Of The United States1245 Words   |  5 PagesThe leader of the country In the United States of America is called the President. The title President is derived from Latin, prae- before + sedere to sit. It originally designated the officer who presides over or sits before a gathering and ensures that debate is conducted according to the rules of order. The President is the brain for millions of government workers in the Executive Branch. And as well chooses how the laws of the United States are to be enforced along with singling outRead MoreThe President Of The United States Essay1682 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout United States history, the American people voted for the President of the U.S. and for members of both chambers of Congress, and the 2016 election is not an exception. On November 9th, Donald J. Trump was declared to become the 45th President of the United States by attaining 306 electoral votes, which is clearly past the threshold of the required 270 electoral votes. However, after winning the popular vote in states Trump had won , some electors from those states have expressed their disappointmentRead MorePresident Of The United States860 Words   |  4 PagesA president of the United States must perform various roles such as, Chief Legislator, Commander in Chief, Chief Executive, Chief of State, Chief of Party, Chief Administrator, Chief Diplomat, and Chief Citizen. As the 42nd president of the United States, Bill Clinton was a great president because of his performance in presidential roles and policies put forth during his presidency. According to Compton’s Encyclopedia, Bill Clinton was born in Hope, Arkansas. He attended several universities includingRead MoreThe President Of The United States Essay1666 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Preparing to Pass the Baton† The president of the United States, Barack Obama, will be leaving the oval office after serving his presidency for two terms. In January there will be a new commander in chief in charge of leading our nation. Whether it is Trump, Clinton, or a surprise candidate that takes the role of president, there will be change. A lot will change with a new president, there will be new laws, new policies, and a new face of America. But one of the most important changes that everyone

Corporate Strategies Growth And Development-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Corporate Strategies For Growth And Development? Answer: Introduction The report is prepared to focus on the concept of strategic development within the organization Coca Cola Amatil, which is one of the most popular and established bottler of non-alcoholic ready to drink beverages for the customers. The business organization manages its operates in more than 6 countries and serves more than five major bottlers of Coca Cola. The business organization works across a diverse range of businesses to deliver the best quality manufacturing, production and sales services for fulfilling the needs and requirements of the customers and keep them satisfied. The company has more than 14,000 employees who work as a team to develop strategies and benefit the shareholders along with gaining better profit in business (Aithal 2016). Application of corporate strategies for growth and development The Contingency approach is applied by Coca Cola Amatil to define that there are no such universal management principles and ensure management of procedures according to various situations and conditions from the marketing context. This approach also made the organization to focus on a particular situation, assess it and then us the most suitable approach and leadership style to manage the business operations properly. One such contingency approach could be the evaluation of business plan, predicted performances for improving the generated revenue, and determine the competitive position of the organization in the market as well (Al-Najem, Dhakal and Bennett 2012). The vertical growth strategy has allowed Coca Cola to operate on a local scale and develop a global reach by bonding with many bottling partners all over the world. The supply chain of the organization has been owned and managed under a common ownership, that has further helped in managing the business processes with ease and effectiveness. This would allow the company to create global reach and ensure growth and expansion of business efficiently. The horizontal growth strategy has allowed Coca Cola Amatil to manage acquisition of smaller companies and equipments for controlling the increased sales volume and develop a sense of ownership and control. The horizontal growth strategy has also enabled the company to maintain its leadership within the soft drink industry by serving more customers from time to time (Stensaker and Vab 2013). The productivity has increased along with better profit level and competitive advantage in business too. The generic strategies of Porter are cost leadership, differentiation and focus strategy. The differentiation strategy allows for using unique marketing and advertisements for creating positive mindset among customers and influences their buying behavior. The focus strategy of Coca Cola allows for creating the cost along with focus on differentiation of products to serve the niche marketing segments. The cost leadership is the most effective strategy for Coca Cola because it has helped to position its products at a much reasonable price than its competitors by reducing the production cost largely (Weske 2012). The operating expenses are administered properly and even the flow of cash that has increased the production level and benefited the customers by keeping cost of operations lower and fulfilling the demands and preferences of customers. Coca Cola Amatil has partnered with McDonalds to cater the needs of people, because the soft drinks go well with the snacks and other food items that are mainly offered by companies like McDonalds. The company serves public causes and has partnered with NGOs and many other water recycling companies to advance water stewardship and maintain water sustainability. One of the emergent strategies could be the use of segmented revenue growth strategies to serve different market segments and focus on the increase in volume and sales. To maintain sustainability and healthy business, continuous investments have been done for marketing efficiently and share string bonds with the partners to attract more customers and create a positive global presence, furthermore gain a positive brand image (Aithal 2016). This would allow the company to increase its sale, generate more revenue and gain competitive advantage in business. Two business practices Though Coca Cola Amatil is one of the most established non-alcoholic soft drinks and beverages brand , still it has been involved in various controversies. One such controversy resulted during a trial where the Government of Australia seized multiple barrels of the soft drinks because of the presence of the high amounts of caffeine that could create harmful effects on body. This showed signs that the company had been misbranded. Coca Cola owns other brands too such as Minute Maid, which was also part of the controversy. The Minute Maid division of Coca Cola Amatil provided inappropriate labels for the product, i.e., a pomegranate and blueberry juice, though it was made with most of apple and grape juices. This kind of wrong labeling information was a mistake committed by the bottler company, which resulted in decline of sales and profit generation (Al-Najem, Dhakal and Bennett 2012). It is a normal thing that the packaging and bottling used for the products can create environmental i mpact to a certain extent. The organization has opposed to this and did not make any further attempts to develop container deposit legislation. This further led to criticism in Australia in the year 2013 because of the litigation undertaken by the company to create inappropriate ways of managing bottle recycling deposit. The outcomes were quite negative because this created bad reputation of the company among the customers minds and even resulted in reduction of sales and less profit in business. The company also found it difficult to compete with the rival companies such as PepsiCo, Nestle, etc (Stensaker and Vab 2013). The media journalists also left no stones unturned to make it a big issues and try out anything to deteriorate the brand image and name. The employees were also paid less wages due to the decline in sale and profit generation. The industry experts and academic professionals also provided their opinions and responses regarding these controversies, which grabbed the attention of many people and it spread among people all over the place. Environmental analysis The environmental analysis of Coca Cola Amatil has been done with the use of SWOT analysis, PESTEL analysis and even understands the market forces with the help of Porters five forces analysis technique (Weske 2012). SWOT analysis Strengths Coca Cola Amatil is one of the largest bottler of soft drinks in Australia which serves in more than 6 countries worldwide. It has the largest shares in the beverage and soft drinks industry and has managed its marketing techniques trough advertisements where well known celebrities promoted the brand along with sponsoring of World cup and English premier league games too. This has created loyal customers. Weaknesses The production of carbonated soft drinks is often considered as creating negative health impact. The products are not diversified properly and thus focus is more on only the beverage products (Aithal 2016). Opportunities The demands of beverages are huge and it has been increasing consistently, thereby giving enough scopes for Coca Cola to manage the bottling of products. Threats Scarcity of drinking water in the future along with high competition from other beverage companies like PepsiCo and Nestle are major threats faced by Coca Cola. PESTEL analysis Political factors The Government has implemented laws, rules and regulations that have been maintained by the organization to manage the products properly. The changes in labor laws can also affect the functioning of the business (Stensaker and Vab 2013). Economic The products of Coca Cola are provided to various countries with different customs, cultures, preferences of consumers. The company has accommodated to these customers by changing according to their needs and preferences. Social Customers nowadays have become aware of health issues like diabetes and obesity, which can be caused by drinking carbonated beverages. Then organization has experienced reduction in sales due to decreased demands for carbonated beverages. To cope up with the social demands and consumer behavior changes, Coca Cola Amatil has introduced products like Minute maid juices and energy sports drinks like Powerade that contain less amount of caffeine (Weske 2012). Technological The technological advancements have allowed Coca Cola to enhance the efficiency of marketing and production and even involved social media for advertising and grab attention of many customers, Environmental Due to scarcity of water and environmental condition changes, there might be lesser production of soft drinks. The company needs to follow the environmental laws for sustaining in the marketplace. Legal All the rights and responsibilities are retained by Coca Cola Amatil and these have been managed with proper patented process. The legal rules are followed to ensure that the company meets up to the standards of quality of the organization (Aithal 2016). organisational culture or leadership style The company manages an inclusive culture that has been defined by the major values such as leadership, passion, integrity, collaboration, diversity, quality and accountability. This has helped in creating a diversified culture where every people can work as an unit and deliver the best outcomes, furthermore create a healthy workplace culture where people can communicate and work as an unit to enhance the production level. The leadership style maintained within the organization is democratic leadership style and every responses and opinions of the employees are considered by the leader before making any business decision (Al-Najem, Dhakal and Bennett 2012). This has made the employees feel valuable as well as allowed them to perform to their potential as well. Conclusion The topic illustrated about the management of business operations and processes within the organization Coca Cola Amatil. The external and internal environment have been analyzed with the help of SWOT, PEST analysis for understanding the strengths, areas of weaknesses and find opportunities to sustain within the business environment. The application of growth strategies had been done along with defining the best two management approaches. The diversified inclusive culture was maintained along with the democratic leadership style to maintain a healthy workforce and enhance the potential of the organizational workforce too. References Aithal, P.S., 2016. Study on ABCD analysis technique for business models, business strategies, operating concepts business systems.Browser Download This Paper. Al-Najem, M., Dhakal, H. and Bennett, N., 2012. The role of culture and leadership in lean transformation: a review and assessment model.International Journal of Lean Thinking,3(1), pp.119-138. Stensaker, B. and Vab, A., 2013. Re?inventing shared governance: Implications for organisational culture and institutional leadership.Higher Education Quarterly,67(3), pp.256-274. Weske, M., 2012. Business process management architectures. InBusiness Process Management(pp. 333-371). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Thomas Jefferson Essay Research Paper That auspicious free essay sample

Thomas Jefferson Essay, Research Paper That auspicious fall in 1786 was Thomas Jefferson # 8217 ; s 3rd in Paris and his fifth as a widowman. Still vigorous at 43, Jefferson lead an active and speculative life, walking and siting daily. One afternoon in August he and his friend John Trumbull, the painter, went to see an architectural dome whose design he might utilize back in Virginia. There he met Maria Cosway, so twenty-seven old ages old, who was sing from England with her hubby. Trumbull subsequently wrote in his autobiography that # 8220 ; a by and large philosophical gentleman, hungrier for beauty and a adult female than he realized, was rather swept off his purportedly well-planted feet. # 8221 ; Biographer Fawn Brodie describes Maria Louisa Catherina Cecilia Cosway as a little, keen, delicate, and languorously feminine adult female with aglow bluish eyes, keen tegument, and a aura of aureate coils, who must hold seemed to Jefferson alien in a manner that most Englishwomans were non. We will write a custom essay sample on Thomas Jefferson Essay Research Paper That auspicious or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Born and raised in Florence, of English parents, Maria spoke with a appealing Italian speech pattern. She sang, played the harp and forte-piano, composed music for vocals, and was an complete creative person. At age 22, Maria had married out of fiscal necessity, but it had been an unhappy affair. Dumas Malone, one of Jefferson # 8217 ; s most fervent biographers, described their meeting: # 8220 ; Such a battery of appeals Jefferson was particularly unfitted to defy. Feeling pleasurably at place in such company, this usually meticulous adult male conspired with the others so that they might pass the remainder of the twenty-four hours together, even though this involved the smashing of battles on all custodies. In the month that followed he saw or heard something beautiful with her about every twenty-four hours. # 8220 ; There can be no uncertainty that he fell profoundly in love during that aureate September, and there is no ground to say that the lady was displeased. Her eyes were said to hold been bluish as violets ; her oral cavity as she herself painted it was instead pouting, but any normal adult male would articulate it kissable. He found her a lovely, talented, freakish animal half adult female and half child. # 8221 ; During a walk with Maria along the Seine on September 18, Jefferson attempted to leap a fencing and earnestly dislocated his carpus. The hurt was to blight him for the remainder of his life, but it didn # 8217 ; t halt him from laboriously composing this singular missive 4,400 words with his left manus to Maria on that October twenty-four hours that she returned to England. # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8211 ; Paris, October 12, 1786 My Beloved Madam: Having performed the last and sad office of passing you into your passenger car at the Pavilion de St. Denis, and seen the wheels get really into gesture, I turned on my heel and walked, more dead than alive, to the opposite door, where my ain was expecting me. . . I was carried place. Seated by my hearth, lone and sad, the undermentioned duologue took topographic point between my Head and my Heart: Head. Well, friend, you seem to be in a pretty trim. Heart. I am so the most deplorable of all earthly existences. Overwhelmed with heartache, every fiber of my frame distended beyond its natural powers to bear, I would volitionally run into whatever calamity should go forth me no more to experience or to fear. Head. These are the ageless effects of your heat and precipitation. This is one of the scrapings into which you are of all time taking us. You confess your follies so: but still you hug and care for them, and no reformation can be hoped, where there is no penitence. Heart. Oh my friend! This is no minute to reproach my idiosyncrasies. I am rent into fragments by the force of my heartache! If you have any balm, pour it into my lesions: if none, do non disk them by new downpours. Spare me in this atrocious minute! At any other I will go to with forbearance to your warnings. Head. On the contrary I neer found that the minute of victory with you was the minute of attending to my warnings. While enduring under your follies you may possibly be made reasonable of them, but, the fit over, you fancy it can neer return. Harsh hence as the medical specialty may be, it is my office to administrate it. You will be pleased to retrieve that when our friend Trumbull used to be stating us of the virtues and endowments of these good people, I neer ceased whispering to you that we had no juncture for new familiarity ; that the greater their virtue and endowments, the more unsafe their friendly relationship to our tranquility, because the sorrow at separating would be greater. Heart. Consequently, Sir, this familiarity was non the effect of my behaviors. It was one of your undertakings which threw us in the manner of it. It was you, retrieve, and non I, who desired the meeting, at Legrand A ; Molinos. I neer problem myself with domes nor arches. The Halle aux bleds might hold rotted down before I should hold gone to see it. But you, forsooth, who are everlastingly acquiring us to kip with your diagrams and hooks, must travel and analyze this fantastic piece of architecture. And when you had seen it, oh! it was the most brilliant thing on Earth! What you had seen there was worth all you had yet seen in Paris! I thought so excessively. But I meant it of the lady and gentleman to whom we had been presented, and non of a package of sticks and french friess put together in pens. You so, Sir, and non I, have been the cause of the present hurt. Head. It would hold been happy for you if my diagrams and hooks had gotten you to kip on that twenty-four hours, as your are pleased to state they everlastingly do. My visit to Legrand A ; Molinos had publick public-service corporation for its object. A market is to be built in Richmond. What a convenient program is that of Legrand A ; Molinos: particularly if a span as they shewed us can be thrown across the Schuylkill at Philadelphia, the natation Bridgess taken up and the pilotage of that river opened, what a voluminous resource will be added, of wood and commissariats, to warm and feed the hapless that metropolis. While I was occupied with these objects, you were distending with your new familiarities, and planing how to forestall a separation from them. Every psyche of you had an battle for the twenty-four hours. Yet all these were to be sacrificed, that you might dine together. Liing couriers were to be dispatched into every one-fourth of the metropolis with apologies for you r breach of battle. You peculiarly had the presumption to direct word to the Dutchess Danville that, in the minute we were puting out to dine with her, despatchs came to manus which required immediate attending. You wanted me to contrive a more clever alibi, but I knew you were acquiring into a scraping, and I would hold nil to make with it. Well, after dinner to St. Cloud, from St. Cloud to Ruggieri # 8217 ; s, from Ruggieri to Krumfoltz, and if the twenty-four hours had been every bit long as a Lapland summer twenty-four hours, you would still hold contrived agencies, among you, to hold filled it. Heart. Oh! my beloved friend, how you have revived me by remembering to my head the minutess of that twenty-four hours! How good I remember them all, and that when I came place at dark and looked back to the forenoon, it seemed to hold been a month agone. Travel on so, like a sort sympathizer, and pigment to me the twenty-four hours we went to St. Germains. How beautiful was every object! Port de Neuilly, the hills along the Seine, the rainbows of the machine of Marly, the terras of St. Germains, the chateaux, the gardens, the statues of Marly, the pavillon of Lucienne. Recollect excessively Madrid, Bagatelle, the King # 8217 ; s garden, the Dessert. How expansive the thought excited by the remains of such a column! The coiling stairway excessively was beautiful. Every minute was filled with something agreeable. The wheels of clip moved on with a celerity of which those of our passenger car gave but a swoon thought, and yet in the eventide, when one took a retrospect of the twenty-f our hours, what a mass of felicity had we travelled over! Retrace all those scenes to me, my good comrade, and I will forgive the unkindness with which you were call on the carpeting me. The twenty-four hours we went to St. Germains was a small excessively warm, I think, was it non? Head. Thou art the most incorrigible of all the existences that of all time sinned! I reminded you of the follies of the first twenty-four hours, meaning to infer from thence some utile lessons for you, but alternatively of listening to these, you kindle at the remembrance, you retrace the whole series with a fancy which shews you want nil but the chance to move it over once more. I frequently told you during its class that you were imprudently prosecuting your fondnesss under fortunes that must be you a great trade of hurting: that the individuals so were of the greatest virtue, possessing good sense, good temper, honest Black Marias, honest manners, and distinction in a lovely art: that the lady had moreover qualities and achievements, belonging to her sex, which might organize a chapter apart for her: such as music, modestness, beauty, and that softness of temperament which is the decoration of her sex and appeal of ours. But that all these considerations would increase the stab o f separation: that their stay here was to be short: that you rack our whole system when you are parted from those you love, kicking that such a separation is worse than decease, inasmuch as this ends our agonies, whereas that merely begins them: and that the separation would in this case be the more terrible as you would likely neer see them once more. Heart. But they told me they would come back once more the following twelvemonth. Head. But in the average clip see what you suffer: and their return excessively depends on so many fortunes that if you had a grain of prudence you would non number upon it. Upon the whole it is unlikely and hence you should abandon the thought of of all time seeing them once more. Heart. May heaven abandon me if I do! Head. Very good. Suppose so they come back. They are to remain here two months, and when these are expired, what is to follow? Possibly you flatter yourself they may come to America? Heart. God merely knows what is to go on. I see nil impossible in that guess, and I see things wondrous contrived sometimes to do us happy. Where could they happen such objects as in America for the exercising of their enrapturing art? particularly the lady, who paints landscape so unreproducibly. She wants merely subjects worthy of immortality to render her pencil immortal. The Falling spring, the Cascade of Niagara, the Passage of the Potowmac thro the Blue mountains, the Natural span. It is worth a ocean trip across the Atlantic to see these objects ; much more to paint, and do them, and thereby ourselves, known to all ages. And our ain beloved Monticello, where has nature spread so rich a mantle under the oculus? mountains, woods, stones, rivers. With what majesty do we there sit above the storms! How empyreal to look down into the workhouse of nature, to see her clouds, hail, snow, rain, boom, all fabricated at our pess! And the glorious Sun, when lifting as if out of a distant H2O, merely gilding the tips of the mountains, and giving life to all nature! I hope in God no circumstance may of all time do either seek an refuge from heartache! With what sincere understanding I would open every cell of my composing to have the gush of their sufferings! I would pour my cryings into their lesions: and if a bead of balm could be found at the top of the Cordilleras, or at the remotest beginnings of the Missouri, I would travel there myself to seek and to convey it. Deeply practiced in the school of affliction, the human bosom knows no joy which I have non lost, no sorrow of which I have non drank! Fortune can show no heartache of unknown signifier to me! Who so can so quietly adhere up the lesion of another as he who has felt the some lesion himself? But Heaven forbid they should of all time cognize a sorrow! Let us turn over another foliage, for this has distracted me. Head. Well. Let us set this possibility to test so on another point. When you consider the character which is given of our state by the lying newspapers of London, and their credulous copyers in other states ; when you reflect that all Europe is made to believe we are a anarchic brigand, in a province of absolute lawlessness, cutting one another # 8217 ; s pharynxs, and looting without differentiation, how can you anticipate that any sensible animal would venture among us? Heart. But you and I know all this is false: that there is non a state on Earth where there is greater tranquility, where the Torahs are milder, or better obeyed: where every one is more attentive to his ain concern, or meddles less with that of others: where aliens are better received, more hospitably treated, and with a more sacred regard. Head. True, you and I know this, but your friends do non cognize it. Heart. But they are reasonable people who think for themselves. They will inquire of impartial aliens who have been among us, whether they saw or heard on the topographic point any cases of lawlessness. They will judge excessively that a people occupied as we are in opening rivers, delving navigable canals, doing roads, constructing public schools, set uping faculty members, raising flops and statues to our great work forces, protecting spiritual freedom, get rid ofing gory penalties, reforming and bettering our Torahs in general, they will judge I say for themselves whether these are non the businesss of a people at their easiness, whether this is non better grounds of our true province than a London newspaper, hired to lie, and from which no truth can of all time be extracted but by change by reversaling everything it says.Head. I did non get down this talk my friend with a position to larn from you what America is making. Let us return so to our point. I wished to do you reasonable how imprudent it is to put your fondnesss, without modesty, on objects you must so shortly lose, and whose loss when it comes must be you such terrible stabs. Remember the last dark. You knew your friends were to go forth Paris today. This was adequate to throw you into torments. All dark you tossed us from one side of the bed to the other. No slumber, no remainder. The hapless halt carpus excessively, neer left one minute in the same place, now up, now down, now here, now there ; was it to be wondered at if al l its strivings returned? The Surgeon so was to be called, and to be rated as an know nothing because he could non divine the cause of this extraordinary alteration. In mulct, my friend, you must repair your manners. This is non a universe to populate at random in as you do. To avoid these ageless hurts, to which you are for of all time exposing us, you must larn to look frontward before you take a measure which may involvement our peace. Everything in this universe is affair of computation. Advance so with cautiousness, the balance in your manus. Put into one graduated table the pleasances which any object may offer ; but put reasonably into the other the strivings which are to follow, and see which preponderates. The doing an familiarity is non a affair of indifference. When a new one is proposed to you, see it all unit of ammunition. See what advantages it presents and to what inconveniences it may expose you. Make no bite at the come-on of pleasance boulder clay you know there i s no hook beneath it. The art of life is the art of avoiding hurting: and he is the best pilot who steers clearest of the stones and shoals with which it is beset. Pleasure is ever before us ; but misfortune is at our side: while running after that, this arrests us. The most effective agencies of being secure against hurting is to retire within ourselves, and to do for our ain felicity. Those, which depend on ourselves, are the lone pleasures a wise adult male will number on: for nil is ours which another may strip us of. Hence the incomputable value of rational pleasances. Ever in our power, ever taking us to something new, neer surfeiting, we ride, calm and empyreal, above the concerns of this mortal universe, contemplating truth and nature, affair and gesture, the Torahs which bind up their being, and that external being who made and jump them up by these Torahs. Let this be our employ. Leave the hustle and uproar of society to those who have non endowments to busy themselves wit hout them. Friendship is but another name for an confederation with the follies and the bad lucks of others. Our ain portion of wretchednesss is sufficient: why enter so as voluntaries in those of another? Is there so small saddle sore poured into our ain cup that we must necessitate aid to imbibe that of our neighbour? A friend dies or leaves us: we feel as if a limb was cut off. He is ill: we must watch over him, and participate of his strivings. His luck is shipwrecked: ours must be laid under part. He loses a kid, a parent or a spouse: we must mourn the loss as if it was our ain. Heart. And what more empyreal delectation than to mix cryings with one whom the manus of heaven hath smitten! To watch over the bed of illness, and to juggle its boring and its painful minutes! To portion our staff of life with the one to whom bad luck has left none! This universe abounds so with wretchedness: to buoy up its load we must split it with one another. But allow us now try the virtuousnesss of your mathematical balance, and as you have put into one graduated table the loads of friendly relationship, allow me set its amenitiess into the other. When pine awaying so under disease, how thankful is the consolation of our friends! How are we penetrated with their assiduousnesss and attendings! How much are we supported by their encouragements and sort offices! When Heaven has taken from us some object of our love, how sweet is it to hold a bosom whereon to lean back our caputs, and into which we may pour the downpour of our cryings! Grief, with such a comfort, is about a luxury ! In a life where we are perpetually exposed to desire and accident, yours is a fantastic proposition, to insulate ourselves, to retire signifier all assistance, and to wrap ourselves in the mantle of autonomy! For assuredly cipher will care for him who cares for cipher. But friendly relationship is cherished non merely in the shadiness but in the sunlight of life: and thanks to a benevolent agreement of things, the greater portion of life is sunshine. I will repeat for cogent evidence to the yearss we have recently passed. On these so the Sun shone brilliantly! How homosexual did the face of nature appear! Hills, vale, chateaux, gardens, rivers, every object wore its liveliest chromaticity! Whence did they borrow it? From the presence of our capturing comrade. They were delighting because she seemed pleased. Entirely, the scene would hold been dull and bland: the engagement of it with her gave it relish. Let the glooming Monk, sequestered from the universe, seek unsocial pleasances in the underside of his cell! Let the sublimed philosopher appreciation airy felicity while prosecuting apparitions dressed in the attire of truth! Their supreme wisdom is supreme folly: and they mistake for felicity the mere absence of hurting. Had they of all time felt the solid pleasance of one generous cramp of the bosom, they would interchange for it all the cold guesss of their lives, which you have been boasting in such elevated footings. Believe me so, my friend, that that is a suffering arithmetic which would gauge friendly relationship at nil, or at less than nil. Respect for you has induced me to come in into this treatment, and to hear rules uttered which I detest and abjure. Respect for myself now obliges me to remember you into the proper bounds of our office. When nature assigned us the same habitation, she gave us over it a divided imperium. To you she allotted the field of scientific discipline ; to me that of ethical motives. When the circle is to be squared, or t he orbit of a comet to be traced: when the arch of greatest strength, or the solid of least opposition is to be investigated, take you the job: it is yours: nature has given me no awareness of it. In similar mode in denying to you the feelings of understanding, of benevolence, of gratitude, of justness, of love, of friendly relationship, she has excluded you from their control. To these she has adapted the mechanism of the bosom. Ethical motives were excessively indispensable to the felicity of adult male to be risked on the uncertain combinations of the caput. She laid their foundation hence in sentiment, non in scientific discipline. She laid their foundation hence in sentiment, non in scientific discipline. That she gave to all, as necessary to all: this to a few merely, as doing with a few. I know so that you pretend authorization to the autonomous control of our behavior in all its parts: and a regard for your grave proverb and axioms, a desire to make what is right, has someti mes induced me to conform to your advocates. A few facts nevertheless which I can readily remember to your memory, will do to turn out to you that nature has non organised you for our moral way. When the hapless wearied soldier, whom we overtook at Chickahominy with his battalion on his dorsum, begged us to allow him acquire up behind our chariot, you began to cipher that the route was full of soldiers, and that if all should be taken up our Equus caballuss would neglect in their journey. We drove on therefore. But shortly going reasonable you had made me make incorrect, that tho we can non alleviate all the hard-pressed we should alleviate every bit many as we can, I turned approximately to take up the soldier ; but he had entered a bye way, and was no more to be found: and from that minute to this I could neer happen him out to inquire his forgiveness. Again, when the hapless adult female came to inquire a charity in Philadelphia, you whispered that she looked like a rummy, and th at half a dollar was plenty to give her for the ale-house. Those who want the temperaments to give, easy happen grounds why they ought non to give. When I sought her out afterwards, and did what I should hold done at first, you know that she employed the money instantly towards puting her kid at school. If our state, when pressed with wrongs at the point of the bayonet, had been governed by its caputs alternatively of its Black Marias, where should we hold been now? hanging on a gallows every bit high as Haman # 8217 ; s. You began to cipher and to compare wealth and Numberss: we threw up a few pulsings of our warmest blood: we supplied enthusiasm against wealth and Numberss: we put our being to the jeopardy, when the jeopardy seemed against us, and we saved our state: justifying at the same clip the ways of Providence, whose principle is to make ever what is right, and leave the issue to him. In short, my friend, every bit far as my remembrance serves me, I do non cognize that I o f all time did a good thing on your suggestion, or a soiled one without it. I do for of all time so disclaim your intervention in my state. Fill paper as you please with trigons and squares: seek how many ways you can hang and unite them together. I shall neer envy nor command your empyreal delectations. But leave me to make up ones mind when and where friendly relationships are to be contracted. You say I contract them at random, so you said the adult female at Philadelphia was a rummy. I receive no 1 into my regard boulder clay I know they are worthy of it. Wealth, rubric, office are non recommendations to my friendly relationship. On the contrary great good qualities are needed to do damagess for their holding wealth, rubric and office. You confess that in the present instance I could non hold made a worthier pick. You merely object that I was so shortly to lose them. We are non immortal ourselves, my friend ; how can we anticipate our injunctions to be so? We have no rose withou t its irritant ; no pleasance without alloy.It is the jurisprudence of our being ; and we must assent. It is the status annexed to all our pleasances, non by us who receive, but by him who gives them. True, this status is pressing cruelly on me at this minute. I feel more fit for decease than life. I feel more fit for decease than life. But when I look back on the pleasances of which it is the effect, I am witting they were deserving the monetary value I am paying. Notwithstanding your enterprises excessively to muffle my hopes, I comfort myself with outlooks of their promised return. Hope is sweeter than desperation, and they were excessively good to intend to lead on me. In the summer, said the gentleman ; but in the spring said the lady: and I should love her forever, were it merely for that! Know so, my friend, that I have taken these good people into my bosom: that I have lodged them in the warmest cell I could happen: that I love them, and will go on to love them thro life: th at if bad luck should dispose them on one side of the Earth, and me on the other, my fondnesss shall permeate its whole mass to make them. Knowing so my finding, effort non to upset it. If you can at any clip furnish affair for their amusement, it will be the office of a good neighbour to make it. I will in similar mode prehend any juncture which may offer to make the wish good bend for you with Condorcet, Rittenhouse, Madison, La Cretelle, or any other of those worthy boies of scientific discipline whom you so rightly value. I thought this a favourable proposition whereon to rest the issue of the duologue. So I put an terminal to it by naming for my nightcap. Methinks I hear you wish to heaven I had called a small Oklahoman, and so spared you the boredom of such a boring discourse. I did non disrupt them earlier because I was in a temper for hearing discourses. You excessively were the topic ; and on such a thesis I neer think the subject long: non even if I am to compose it, and that easy and awkwardly, as now, with the left manus. But that you may non be discouraged from a correspondence which begins so formidably, I will assure you on my honor that my hereafter letters shall be of a sensible length, I will even hold to show but half my regard for you, for fright of surfeiting you with excessively full a dosage. But, on your portion, no curtailing. If your letters are every bit long as the bible, they will look short to me. Merely allow them be brim full of fondness. I shall read them with the temperam ents with which Arlequin in lupus erythematosuss deux bilets spelt the words # 8220 ; je t # 8217 ; aime # 8221 ; and wished that the whole alphabet had entered into their composing. We have had ceaseless rains since your going. These make me fear for your wellness, every bit good as that you have had an uncomfortable journey. The same cause has prevented me from being able to give you any history of your friends here. . . As to myself my wellness is good, except my carpus which mends easy, and my head which mends non at all, but broods invariably on your going. The lateness of the season obliges me to worsen my journey into the South of France. Show me in the most friendly footings to Mr. Cosway, and have me into your ain remembrance with a fondness and a heat, relative, non to my ain hapless virtue, but to the sentiments of sincere fondness and regard with which I have the honor to be, my beloved Madam, your most obedient low retainer,